Sampling was conducted seasonally from three stations (A1- upstream; A2-intermediate; A3- downstream) along reservoir from June 2007 to March 2008.Phytoplankton population changes were investigated in order to calculate phytoplankton INDICES.in each site. In the present study, 46 algal species were determined. These were belonged to five classes: Diatoms (Bascillariophyta); green algae (Chlorophyta); bluegreen algae (Cyanophyta); Pyrrophyta and Euglenophyta. The water quality in sampling sites was studied based on the more utilized ECOLOGICAL INDICES.such as Index of DOMINANCE, Richness, Shannon-Wiener species Diversity index and evenness index.The lowest values of Species diversity index was observed in the summer. Evenness index showed the lowest values during summer and higher values in the spring. The present study revealed that Aras Dam reservoir is eu-hypertroph water.

The aim of this study was estimated the ECOLOGICAL INDICES.of diversity, richness, DOMINANCE and evenness of zooplankton community of warm water fish ponds in Gonbade Kavous city at east of Golestan Province. The sampling was done during one culture period from June to November 2011. The results showed that, there is no significant differences between diversity, DOMINANCE and evenness ECOLOGICAL INDICES.at 6 ponds observed (P>0. 05) but there is significant differences between richness index at 6 ponds (P<0. 05). Diversity, richness, DOMINANCE and evenness INDICES.value ranged from 0. 43-0. 77, 0. 25-0. 61, 0. 54-0. 72 and 0. 36-0. 73 respectively. Although, the diversity, richness, DOMINANCE and evenness INDICES.showed higher association in ponds 2, 1, 3 and 2 but the lower association occurred in ponds 3, 4-6 commonly, 2 and 1. The correlation analysis between zooplankton community and ponds water physico-chemical parameters showed that total density of zooplankton community had significant correlation with NO3, PO4 and P-PO4-0. 926, 0. 939 and 0. 952 respectively. Other ECOLOGICAL INDICES.had no correlation relative with other ponds water physico-chemical parameters. The results showed that diversity, richness, DOMINANCE and evenness ECOLOGICAL INDICES.of zooplankton community in fish ponds affected by ecosystem management, climate condition and grower fishes.

Background: Personalized medicine, an emerging approach, considers individual differences to tailor treatments optimally. Persian medicine (PM) incorporates individual differences through Mizāj (temperament). A comprehensive understanding of each Mizaj type's characteristics is essential in designing standardized diagnostic tools.Objectives: This study aims to explore the attributes of one of the most significant Mizaj groups, namely cold-wet Mizaj, and its subtypes, including cold-wet Su-e-Mizaj (dystemperament), as well as phlegm DOMINANCE in PM sources. Methods: Persian medicine literature, including the Canon of Medicine, was reviewed for relevant concepts. Reliable scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and MagIran, were searched using keywords such as Mizaj, temperament, Su-e-Mizaj, dystemperament, cold-wet dystemperament, phlegm, and Balgham. The obtained results were studied and categorized. Results: Out of the 196 articles obtained related to Mizaj, 16 investigated INDICES. No studies were found on the INDICES.of cold-wet Mizaj and phlegm DOMINANCE separately. PM sources exhibit high congruence in describing the characteristics of cold-wet Mizaj. Specifically, emphasis is placed on characteristics such as coldness and softness of the skin to the touch, high fat mass, pale and white complexion, excessive body secretions, weakness and slowness of physical and physiological actions, low vitality, timidity, poor memory, and slow-wittedness. In cold-wet dystemperament, symptoms are more severe, and in the presence of phlegm, a feeling of heaviness is also mentioned as a specific symptom. Conclusions: By compiling INDICES.of cold-wet Mizaj/dystemperament and phlegm DOMINANCE, this study can contribute to the development of standardized PM questionnaires, facilitating a personalized approach to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

The diversity and richness of species are of important components to evaluate the health of ecologic system of rangelands. This research was conducted to investigate the biodiversity in riparian and neighboring areas via comparison of INDICES.in Javaherdeh rangeland of Ramsar. Plot-transects was randomly used to estimate diversity, richness, DOMINANCE, and evenness INDICES.in two regions. Multi Linear regression method was used to analyze the relationships of three INDICES.to rangeland condition. Results of floristic list showed that there were 66 species belong to 19 families and 56 genera. Gramineae and Compositae families with values of (23.24 and 12.1%) had the highest and Boraginaceae and Hypolepidaceae with 2% had the lowest frequency, respectively. Result showed that richness species index in riparian area and diversity index in neighboring area had high correlation with the rangeland conditions. Hence, ecologic management could be used as a tool for evaluation of INDICES.as reflectors of disturbance in rangeland.

Background: Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) became a public health threat to global public health in late 2019. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between lifestyle factors and the COVID-19 epidemiological indicators, including cumulative incidence rate, the cumulative rate of death, recovery rate, and case fatality rate.Methods: In this ECOLOGICAL study, aggregate data were used. Information about COVID-19 for each country was retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/ from the date of the first report until November 30th, 2020. The information on the prevalence of smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity in 2019 was collected from https://www.indexmundi.com/. Moreover, the information on the prevalence of physical inactivity was obtained from the WHO website. We drew scatter plots of lifestyle factors based on COVID-19 INDICES.Results: Results showed that the cumulative incidence rate and cumulative rate of death had significant direct correlations with the prevalence of obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol consumption (P<0.05). This means that the countries with a high prevalence of obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol consumption had increased indicators such as the cumulative incidence rate and cumulative rate of death (P<0.05). There were also significant inverse correlations between the recovery rate and the prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption (P<0.05).Conclusion: There are significant correlations between the cumulative incidence rate, the cumulative rate of death, and the recovery rate of COVID-19 with unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop lifestyle modification strategies that can lead to reduction of the morbidity and mortality of this disease.

Introduction: Nowadays, many indicators have been developed to assess water quality and ECOLOGICAL classification of rivers based on variations in ECOLOGICAL structure. The goals of the study were assessing the ECOLOGICAL status, the effects of human land use, and the performance of the most common ECOLOGICAL INDICES.for fishes and macroinvertebrates as biological evaluation of the Jajrood River. Material and methods: In the present study, sampling of water, macroinvertebrates, and fishes was done at 10 stations in November 2015. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters including temperature, turbidity, velocity and depth of water, acidity, electrical conductivity, BOD5, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, dissolved oxygen, and fecal coliform were measured on-site or after the sampling. Macroinvertebrates sampling was performed using a Surber sampler with three replications at each station and fishes were sampled using an electrofishing apparatus. Different physicochemical, macroinvertebrates, and fish INDICES.were used to evaluate the integrity of the Jajrood River. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) test was also used to analyze the relationship between macroinvertebrates and fishes with physical, chemical, and biological variables. Results and discussion: Overall, 481 specimens belonging to eight species of fishes and 2435 macroinvertebrates belonging to 15 families were collected. Among all sampled fishes, Oxynoemacheilus bergianus and Paracobitis malapterura had the highest and lowest abundance, respectively. The highest total percentage of macroinvertebrates abundance belonged to the Baetidae family of the order Ephemeroptera and the lowest percentage belonged to the Polycentropodidae of the order Trichoptera. The results of Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that the efficiency of the EPT/CHIR index for macroinvertebrates was better than others. The Karr Biotic Integrity (KBI) that was used for fishes as a water quality index was suitable for the river. Conclusions: The present study was the first one that used both fishes and macroinvertebrates INDICES.with physicochemical parameters for ECOLOGICAL integrity assessment. From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the urban-rural and agriculture wastewaters and the Latyan dam had the most negative impact on the ECOLOGICAL structure of the river.

Estuaries are the main crossing areas between rivers and sea ecosystems. The Shirud River is located in the west of Mazandaran province. Sampling of sediments was done monthly for one year (Jul 2012- Jun 2013). Five stations were sampled, includes two stations in upper part, one station in delta of estuary and two stations in the sea. Environmental parameters such as salinity (ppt), pH, water temperature (Co) and depth (cm) were recorded in any station. 5182 number macrobenthos were counted; there were recognized 36 genera, 25 families and 15 orders. The most abundant recorded for Obesogammarus sp. as 36%. In accordance with the results, salinity and depth of water affect the density of Macrobenthos (p<0.05), however pH did not effect on density and diversity, though (P>0.05). Also temperature changes cause modifications in density and diversity among different species of Macrobentozes during different months, so that the most and least density were recorded during July and January, respectively. The most and least diversity were shown during September and March (p<0.05). In average the most live mass was realized in August (1.61 gr/m2) and the least live mass was for March (0.03 gr/m2). The average ECOLOGICAL INDICES.results are as follows: Shannon-Wiener 0.83; Simpsons DOMINANCE 0.48 and Margalef Richness 2.42, there were a significant difference between INDICES.during different months in a year (P<0.05).

Since the evaluation of the diversity indicators in consumption of medicinal species by the beneficiary’s households and its driving factors is of utmost importance in marketing, multi-purpose planning of rangelands and sustainable development, a questionary-based study was carried out to determine the diversity INDICES.of medicinal species consumption in settled nomadic communities living under different management and livelihood situations in the rangelands of Dyvaroeieh in Bardsir township, Kerman province, Iran. To this end, the medicinal species consumed by each household (as a study unit) in addition to the diversity indicators of consumption (i.e., DOMINANCE coefficient and Shannon-Weiner index) were evaluated under two management sites comprising Rangeland Management Plan (RMP) (i.e.,Dvyaroeieh 1) and the nearest adjacent rangeland without RMP (i.e., Dyvaroeieh 2, as control treatment ) and three livelihood levels (i.e., very poor (<50 million Rials monthly income), poor (50-100 million Rials monthly income) and moderate (100-150 million Rials monthly income)) under factorial test in SPSS software environment. The study's results revealed that both of management and livelihood factors can be applied by manager to increase diversity INDICES.in medicinal plants consumed by beneficiaries. More specifically, management through RMP was more powerful and effective tool in this way. Therefore, it could conceivably be argued that RMP can be considered as a driving factor in increasing the diversity of medicinal plant consumption and also be a suitable platform to meet the needs and demands of rangelands’ beneficiaries in this field.

Birds are the only organisms that, because of flight ability, have a wide range of distribution. Changes in their composition, diversity and density can indicate changes in the environment. This study was done for the first time with the aims of identification of bird species and their diversity, and calculation of different ECOLOGICAL INDICES.in a period of five years (2011-16) in 22 sampling sites in Golestan Province, located in Caspian Sea, Iran. From 123 identified bird species belonging to 27 bird families, 6 species have been listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The highest number of birds belongs to the order of Anatidea, but in terms of individual bird species, the Common Coot, Mallard and Greater Flamingo had the greatest numbers. ECOLOGICAL INDICES.showed that the highest diversity and evenness of species occurred in 2012; during the last year of the study, not only did the number of species decrease, but also, all of the diversity INDICES.declined, while the dominant index significantly increased. The results of this study are a warning for enthusiasts and lovers of environment conservation as well as experts and managers of this field of study, and the need for conservation of these areas is emphasized.